In this episode, we look at the third of the founding sultans of the Ottoman empire, Murad I, whose victory over the Serbs at Kosovo would be invoked 600 years later as a cause for war.

As a divided Europe fights among itself, the Ottoman state continues to establish itself as the new power of the age.  In this episode, we discuss Orkhan I, second of the three founding sultans of the Ottoman Empire.

The great empire that would rule from North Africa to Arabia and threaten the gates of Vienna started from the most humble origins.  The leader of a small Turkish tribe escaping the Mongol advance, Osman the First would lay the foundations of the last great empire of the Golden Age of Islam.

The richest merchant of Mecca and the first person to convert to Islam, Khadija was one of the most important people in the early history of Islam.

In 1492, seven centuries of Muslim rule in Spain come to an end and History takes a very sharp turn.  Today we discuss the reasons for the fall of Granada and its implications on all sides.

Despite the constant threat of the Christian Reconquista from the north, the last Muslim foothold in Spain, the Emirate of Granada, managed not only to survive, but to flourish for over two centuries, leaving some of the greatest symbols of Muslim culture in Europe.  Hear how skillful leadership managed to defy the odds and sustain a mini-Golden Age.

The fighting in Spain and Portugal turns into a bona fide Crusade, with both sides seeing themselves appointed by God to save the true religion.  In this episode, we look at the lesser known, but at times, higher priority crusade against Islam: the battle for Iberia.

Almost immediately after the Muslims conquered Iberia, the long fight for control began.  What would be called by Europeans a "Reconquest" would take nearly eight centuries and leave lasting marks on both sides.  In this episode, we look at the beginnings of this long battle.

A thousand years ago, the mysterious philosophical group Ikhwan al-Safa' imagined humankind put on trial for its treatment of the animals.  Far ahead of their time in thinking about rights and compassion, the Ikhwan remain controversial and inspiring.

The Brethren of Purity, or Ikhwan al-Safa' were one of the most mysterious, yet influential groups of philosophers.  A secret society of eclectic thinkers, they attempted to reconcile all the world's knowledge--from Greek, Hindu, Persian, pagan, Christian and Muslim sources--into a single system that explained everything.  How did they do?  We will see in this episode.